The OSI model

Network Modal:

Reference modal is a virtual modal of network which define how communication should take place. It logically divide the processes into layers which are required for the network communication. This function is known as a layered architecture. A network reference modal helps us to understand the function of communication software which relate to network product development activities. It also provide the basic scheme for creating and implementation of network device.

 There are two popular reference modals:

 OSI modal           TCP/IP modal

Why Reference Modal Needed: 

The goals needed to archive while designing the network modal are following:

• The ability to connect multiple network together in a seamless way
• Network should be able to service loss of subnet hardware with existing communication not being broken
• The architecture should be flexible to meet requirement of various applications

Network Topology

A network topology is the arrangement of a network devices connecting various nodes(sender and receiver) through lines of connection.

There are two ways of defining network geometry:

•  The physical topology
•  The logical topology

The physical topology of a network is the actual geometric layout of workstations. Some  common physical typologies are Bus, Star, Ring, Mash, Tree,  and Hybrid

Computer Networking Fundamentals

Network:  A network is a group of some computer or other devices interconnected with each other to share data and other resources. All the connected systems are known as"Node". A medium is required to connect all devices into a network. The medium may be wired or wireless.